• Mechanics
    • —
      • M1. Vectors vs. Vector Quantities; Scalars vs. Scalar Quantities
      • M2. Significance of Newton’s First Law
      • M3. Newton’s Third Law: Its Formulation, Its Significance
      • M4. Momentum Conservation; Its Central Role
      • M5. Space Homogeneity And Momentum Conservation
      • M6. Inertial Mass
      • M7. Gravitational Mass
    • —
      • M8. Angular Momentum Characteristics
      • M9. Vanishing Of Total Internal Torque
      • M10. The Isotropy Of Space And Angular-Momentum Conservation
      • M11. Energy, A Central Concept
      • M12. Work And Its Relation To Kinetic And Potential Energy
      • M13. From Kepler’s Laws To Universal Gravitation
      • M14. Error And Uncertainty Distinguished
  • Thermodynamics
    • —
      • T1. What Is Thermodynamics
      • T2. Heat Vs. Internal Energy
      • T3. Equipartition And Degrees Of Freedom
      • T4. Frozen Degrees Of Freedom
      • T5. Six Versions Of The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
    • —
      • T6. Available And Unavailable Energy
      • T7. Entropy On Two Levels
      • T8. Subtleties Of Entropy
      • T9. The Arrow Of Time
  • Electricity & Magnetism
    • —
      • E1. Charge
      • E2. Early Links Between Electricity And Magnetism
      • E3. Monopoles, Not!
      • E4. The Q-ℰ-ℬ Triangle
    • —
      • E5. Inductance
      • E6. The Nature Of Light
      • E7. Why Light Travels At Speed C
      • E8. Notes On The History Of Electromagnetism
  • Relativity
    • —
      • R1. Agreement And Disagreement: Relativistic And Classical
      • R2. Transformations: Galilean And Lorentz
      • R3. “Michelson Airspeed Indicator”
      • R4. c = Constant Means Time Must Be Relative
      • R5. More Relativity And More Invariance
      • R6. E = mc2 As Einstein Derived It
    • —
      • R7. Momentum In Relativity, And Another Approach To E = mc2
      • R8. The Fourth Dimension: Spacetime And Momenergy
      • R9. Versions Of The Twin Paradox
      • R10. The Principle Of Equivalence
      • R11. Geometrodynamics
  • Quantum Physics
    • —
      • Q1. Five Key Ideas Of Quantum Mechanics
      • Q2. Granularity
      • Q3. Probability
      • Q4. Annihilation And Creation
      • Q5. Waves And Particles (The de Broglie Equation)
      • Q6. The Uncertainty Principle
      • Q7. Why Is The Hydrogen Atom As Big As It Is?
      • Q8. Localization Of Waves; Relation To Uncertainty Principle
    • —
      • Q9. Planck’s Quantum Not Yet A Photon
      • Q10. Planck’s Constant As The Particle-Wave Link
      • Q11. The Bohr Atom: Obsolete But Important
      • Q12. Bohr’s Key Atomic Postulates
      • Q13. Bohr’s Triumph: Explaining The Rydberg Constant
      • Q14. H-Atom Wave Functions And Classical Correspondence
      • Q15. The Jovian Task: Building The Atoms
      • Q16. Feynman Diagrams
  • Nuclear Physics
    • —
      • N1. Why Are There No Electrons In The Nucleus?
      • N2. The Line Of Nuclear Stability Bends And Ends
      • N3. The “Miracle” Of Nuclear Stability
      • N4. Pauli Letter Proposing What Came To Be Called The Neutrino
    • —
      • N5. Early History Of Radioactivity And Transmutation
      • N6. Bohr-Wheeler Theory Of Fission
      • N7. Sun’s Proton-Proton Cycle
  • General, Historical, Philosophical
    • —
      • G1. Faith In Simplicity As A Driver Of Science
      • G2. Science: Creation Vs. Discovery
      • G3. Is There A Scientific Method?
      • G4. What Is A Theory?
      • G5. The “Great Theories” Of Physics
      • G6. Natural Units, Dimensionless Physics
      • G7. Three Kinds Of Probability
      • G8. The Forces Of Nature
      • G9. Laws That Permit, Laws That Prohibit
    • —
      • G10. Conservation Laws, Absolute And Partial
      • G11. Math As A Tool And A Toy
      • G12. The “System Of The World”: How The Heavens Drove Mechanics
      • G13. The Astromical World, Then And Now
      • G14. Superposition
      • G15. Physics At The End Of The Nineteenth Century: The Seeds Of Rel & QM
      • G16. The Submicroscopic Frontier: Reductionism
      • G17. Submicroscopic Chaos
      • G18. The Future Path Of Science
  • Supplemental
    • Rainbows: Figuring Their Angles
  • Index
Basic PhysicsBasic Physics
A Resource for Teachers by Ken Ford
  • Mechanics
    • —
      • M1. Vectors vs. Vector Quantities; Scalars vs. Scalar Quantities
      • M2. Significance of Newton’s First Law
      • M3. Newton’s Third Law: Its Formulation, Its Significance
      • M4. Momentum Conservation; Its Central Role
      • M5. Space Homogeneity And Momentum Conservation
      • M6. Inertial Mass
      • M7. Gravitational Mass
    • —
      • M8. Angular Momentum Characteristics
      • M9. Vanishing Of Total Internal Torque
      • M10. The Isotropy Of Space And Angular-Momentum Conservation
      • M11. Energy, A Central Concept
      • M12. Work And Its Relation To Kinetic And Potential Energy
      • M13. From Kepler’s Laws To Universal Gravitation
      • M14. Error And Uncertainty Distinguished
  • Thermodynamics
    • —
      • T1. What Is Thermodynamics
      • T2. Heat Vs. Internal Energy
      • T3. Equipartition And Degrees Of Freedom
      • T4. Frozen Degrees Of Freedom
      • T5. Six Versions Of The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
    • —
      • T6. Available And Unavailable Energy
      • T7. Entropy On Two Levels
      • T8. Subtleties Of Entropy
      • T9. The Arrow Of Time
  • Electricity & Magnetism
    • —
      • E1. Charge
      • E2. Early Links Between Electricity And Magnetism
      • E3. Monopoles, Not!
      • E4. The Q-ℰ-ℬ Triangle
    • —
      • E5. Inductance
      • E6. The Nature Of Light
      • E7. Why Light Travels At Speed C
      • E8. Notes On The History Of Electromagnetism
  • Relativity
    • —
      • R1. Agreement And Disagreement: Relativistic And Classical
      • R2. Transformations: Galilean And Lorentz
      • R3. “Michelson Airspeed Indicator”
      • R4. c = Constant Means Time Must Be Relative
      • R5. More Relativity And More Invariance
      • R6. E = mc2 As Einstein Derived It
    • —
      • R7. Momentum In Relativity, And Another Approach To E = mc2
      • R8. The Fourth Dimension: Spacetime And Momenergy
      • R9. Versions Of The Twin Paradox
      • R10. The Principle Of Equivalence
      • R11. Geometrodynamics
  • Quantum Physics
    • —
      • Q1. Five Key Ideas Of Quantum Mechanics
      • Q2. Granularity
      • Q3. Probability
      • Q4. Annihilation And Creation
      • Q5. Waves And Particles (The de Broglie Equation)
      • Q6. The Uncertainty Principle
      • Q7. Why Is The Hydrogen Atom As Big As It Is?
      • Q8. Localization Of Waves; Relation To Uncertainty Principle
    • —
      • Q9. Planck’s Quantum Not Yet A Photon
      • Q10. Planck’s Constant As The Particle-Wave Link
      • Q11. The Bohr Atom: Obsolete But Important
      • Q12. Bohr’s Key Atomic Postulates
      • Q13. Bohr’s Triumph: Explaining The Rydberg Constant
      • Q14. H-Atom Wave Functions And Classical Correspondence
      • Q15. The Jovian Task: Building The Atoms
      • Q16. Feynman Diagrams
  • Nuclear Physics
    • —
      • N1. Why Are There No Electrons In The Nucleus?
      • N2. The Line Of Nuclear Stability Bends And Ends
      • N3. The “Miracle” Of Nuclear Stability
      • N4. Pauli Letter Proposing What Came To Be Called The Neutrino
    • —
      • N5. Early History Of Radioactivity And Transmutation
      • N6. Bohr-Wheeler Theory Of Fission
      • N7. Sun’s Proton-Proton Cycle
  • General, Historical, Philosophical
    • —
      • G1. Faith In Simplicity As A Driver Of Science
      • G2. Science: Creation Vs. Discovery
      • G3. Is There A Scientific Method?
      • G4. What Is A Theory?
      • G5. The “Great Theories” Of Physics
      • G6. Natural Units, Dimensionless Physics
      • G7. Three Kinds Of Probability
      • G8. The Forces Of Nature
      • G9. Laws That Permit, Laws That Prohibit
    • —
      • G10. Conservation Laws, Absolute And Partial
      • G11. Math As A Tool And A Toy
      • G12. The “System Of The World”: How The Heavens Drove Mechanics
      • G13. The Astromical World, Then And Now
      • G14. Superposition
      • G15. Physics At The End Of The Nineteenth Century: The Seeds Of Rel & QM
      • G16. The Submicroscopic Frontier: Reductionism
      • G17. Submicroscopic Chaos
      • G18. The Future Path Of Science
  • Supplemental
    • Rainbows: Figuring Their Angles
  • Index

Essays on Physics

By Ken Ford

These essays cover topics that may be of interest to teachers of introductory physics at both the high-school and college levels. All but one of them (currently) are based on the “Features” in Basic Physics: A Resource for Physics Teachers (World Scientific, 2016).

Most of the essays are edited versions of the Basic Physics Features—updated where necessary and with SI units replacing the original cgs units as needed. In the book there are 174 Features (plus, of course, all of the original text). These essays currently number 85, of which 84 are adapted from the book. Interested readers may wish to acquire the book in addition to consulting these essays.

The essays are housed in eight sections, the first five of which follow the chronology of the great discoveries of physics—and the corresponding formulations of broad theories—from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. The sixth follows physics into the subatomic domain, the seventh encompasses thoughts of a more general character, and the eighth is reserved for more recent essays added by Ken Ford or contributed by others.

The single essay presently in the eighth section is “Rainbows: Figuring Their Angles”

An answer manual for this book is available in PDF format. Click the link below to download (5.1 MB).

Basic Physics Answer Manual.pdf


Mechanics

Inertia and gravity. Energy and work. The unexpected depth of Newton’s first and third laws. The power of the “nothingness” of space.

Thermodynamics

Heat, energy, probability, entropy. Degrees of freedom that freeze and thaw. Dizzying variations of the second law of thermodynamics. Time’s arrow.

Electricity & Magnetism

Fields and charge intertwined. Why does light travel at speed c? Where are the magnetic monopoles?

Relativity

Observers, like politicians, agree about some things and disagree about others. Einstein brought more relativity and more invariance. How he figured out that E = mc2.

Quantum Physics

Particles make waves. The heart of Bohr’s 1913 work. What does angular momentum have to do with atomic shells?

Nuclear Physics

Nuclear and electric forces combine and compete to shape the world. Heavy nuclei can come unglued; light nuclei can “burn.”

General, Historical, Philosophical

The heavens were the first “laboratory.” Things that change all the time, or some of the time, or never. When one thing overlaps another, A + A is not always 2A.

Supplemental

Essays that add to what is in Basic Physics, by Ken Ford or others.


Teachers: Please weigh in

Send a correction, question, or suggestion to the author ken@hbarpress.com. Unless you request otherwise, your help will be acknowledged.


Thanks

to Adam Ford, for designing this site and for advice
to Diane Goldstein, for suggesting this enterprise and for advice
to Paul Hewitt, for charming drawings and for advice

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